Taxonomy

History and types of classification, Linnaean system of classification and Binomial nomenclature, status of bacteria and viruses, classification of angiosperms up to sub-class level (Bentham and Hooker’ systems), salient features of non-chordates up to phylum levels and chordates up to class levels.

Cell and molecular biology

Cell division: amitosis, mitosis and meiosis. Discovery of cell, the cell as a contained unit, pro and eukaryotic cells and its ultra structure. Cell wall, cell membrane and cell organelles (plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and centrioles). DNA and RNA, DNA as genetic material, RNA as genetic material replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, gene expression and regulation, protein synthesis and DNA repair.

Evolution

Darwinism and neo-Darwinism, Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism, sources of variation, mutation, recombination, genetic drift, migration, natural selection. Modern concepts of organic evolution, evidence of organic evolution (fossil record and biochemical evidence). Origin and concepts of species: speciation and isolation (geographical pre-mating and post-mating or post zygotic), adaptive radiations.

Reproduction

Reproduction in Plants: asexual and sexual reproduction, vegetative propagation, sexual reproduction in flowering plants, structure of flowers, pollination , fertilization, development of seeds and fruits, apomixes and poly-embryony

Human reproduction and Reproductive health: reproductive system in male and female, menstrual cycles, production of gametes, fertilization, implantation, embryo development, pregnancy, parturition and lactation, Assisted reproductive technologies.

Genetics

Chromosomes: structure and types, linkage and crossing over, recombination of chromosomes, mutation, chromosomal aberration, Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal theory of inheritance, deviation from Mendelian ratio (gene interaction, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, complimentary gene, multiple allelism), sex determination in humans, chromosomal disorders in humans

Advanced biology

Plant and human genome projects, DNA fingerprinting and its applications, Bioinformatics and its applications, DNA sequencing and protein structure and biological databases.

Microbiology and immunology

Introduction to microbial diversity, history of medical microbiology, discovery of antibiotics, pasteurization, microscopes. Fungi, bacteria, virus, protozoa, algae – both beneficial and harmful. Parasites and pathogens. Structure of microbes and diseases caused by them. Microbes in households, food processing, industrial production of microbial products. Sewage treatment, waste management, and energy generation. Basic concepts of immunology: innate and humoral immunity, lymphoid organs, lymph nodes and spleen, antibodies, vaccines, transplantation immunology and immune system disorders.

Biochemistry

Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Disaccharide, starch, glycogen, fats, cholesterol, amino acids and peptides. Primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. Enzymes, structure and mechanism of enzyme catalysis, specificity of enzymes, co factors and co-enzymes.

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Physiology: human and plant

Human Physiology: digestion and absorption, breathing and respiration, body fluids and circulation, excretory system, endocrine system, nervous system, skeletal and muscular systems. Locomotion, movement, growth, aging and death. Hormones; types of hormones and their functions.

Plant Physiology: movement of water, food, nutrients, gases and minerals. Respiration, photosynthesis (light and dark reactions), factors affecting photosynthesis, electron transport chain (ETC), glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, hormones and growth regulators, Photo-periodism and vernalization.

Biotechnology and its applications

Micropropagation, protoplasmic fusions, single cell proteins, biotechnology products

in the animal sciences and dairy. Recombinant DNA technology, applications in health, agriculture and industries. Genetically modified organisms, bio-safety issues, insulin and Bt cotton, transgenic plants and microbes, plant tissue culture and its application.

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Applied biology and human welfare

Population and birth control, contraception and MTP, sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, cancer and AIDS. Adolescence and drug/or alcohol abuse. Bio-pesticides, genetically modified foods, bio-war, bio-piracy, bio-pattern, sustainable agriculture and medicinal plants, economic important plants (food crops, oil seeds, fiber yielding, sugar crops and timber yielding), bio-pharming, pesticides and organic agriculture.

Biodiversity, ecology, and environment

Ecosystems: components, types, and energy flow in ecosystems. Species, population and community, ecological adaptations, centers of diversity and conservation of bio-diversity, botanical gardens, national parks, sanctuaries and museums, environmental issues, human population explosion, greenhouse effects, ozone layer depletion. Government and Non-government agencies handling environmental issues: poverty and freshwater crisis, and management.

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Applied biology and human welfare

Bio-pesticides, genetically modified foods, bio-war, bio-piracy, bio-pattern, sustainable agriculture and medicinal plants, economic important plants (food crops, oil seeds, fiber yielding, sugar crops and timber yielding), bio-pharming, pesticides, organic agriculture. Population and birth control, contraception and MTP, sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, cancer and AIDS. Adolescence and drug/or alcohol abuse.